Associations between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion and all-cause mortality in adults living in north China / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To investigate the associations between 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24hUNaE) and all-cause mortality in adult Northern Chinese population. Methods: Data from this study were derived from the prospective urban and rural epidemiology (PURE) study in north China. Baseline information of all participants were obtained by face to face interview through trained research staffs based on questionnaires, and morning fasting urine samples of participants were collected to estimate 24hUNaE and 24-hour potassium excretion (24hUKE). Multivariable frailty Cox regression models were used to explore the association between 24hUNaE (<3.00, 3.00-3.99, 4.00-4.99, 5.00-5.99 and ≥6 g/d) and all-cause death. Results: A total of 27 310 participants were included in this study. The mean 24hUNaE was (5.84±1.73) g/d. After a median follow-up of 8.8 years, 1 024 participants died (3.7%), including 390 cardiovascular related deaths and 591 non-cardiovascular related deaths. The cause of death of the remaining patients could not be determined. Using 24hUNaE level of 4.00-4.99 g/d as the reference group, after fully adjustment, 24hUNaE ≥6.00 g/d was associated with an increased risk of all-cause death (HR=1.24, 95%CI: 1.02-1.49) and cardiovascular related death (HR=1.39, 95%CI: 1.02-1.88). 24hUNaE<3.00 g/d was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR=1.38, 95%CI: 0.96-1.99). There was no significant association between 24hUNaE and non-cardiovascular related death. Furthermore, using the combination of 24hUNaE 4.00-4.99 g/d and 24hUKE≥2.11 g/d as the reference group, the highest risk occurred in participants with the combination of low sodium (<3.00 g/d) and low potassium (<2.11 g/d). Conclusion: 24hUNaE equal or higher than 6 g/d or lower than 3 g/d is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular related death in Northern Chinese population. Besides, moderate sodium intake in combination with increased potassium intake might reduce the risk of all-cause death.

The role of urea-induced osmotic diuresis and hypernatremia in a critically ill patient: case report and literature review / O papel da diurese osmótica induzida por ureia na geração de hipernatremia no paciente crítico: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Abstract Hypernatremia is a common electrolyte problem at the intensive care setting, with a prevalence that can reach up to 25%. It is associated with a longer hospital stay and is an independent risk factor for mortality. We report a case of hypernatremia of multifactorial origin in the intensive care setting, emphasizing the role of osmotic diuresis due to excessive urea generation, an underdiagnosed and a not well-known cause of hypernatremia. This scenario may occur in patients using high doses of corticosteroids, with gastrointestinal bleeding, under diets and hyperprotein supplements, and with hypercatabolism, especially during the recovery phase of renal injury. Through the present teaching case, we discuss a clinical approach to the diagnosis of urea-induced osmotic diuresis and hypernatremia, highlighting the utility of the electrolyte-free water clearance concept in understanding the development of hypernatremia.

Resumo A hipernatremia é um distúrbio eletrolítico comum no ambiente de terapia intensiva, com uma prevalência que pode chegar a 25%. Está associada a maior tempo de internação hospitalar e é um fator de risco independente para a mortalidade. Este relato ilustra um caso de hipernatremia de origem multifatorial no ambiente de terapia intensiva. Destacaremos o papel da diurese osmótica por geração excessiva de ureia, uma causa de hipernatremia pouco conhecida e subdiagnosticada. Este cenário pode estar presente em pacientes em uso de elevadas doses de corticoides, com sangramento gastrointestinal, em uso de dietas e suplementos hiperproteicos e estado de hipercatabolismo, especialmente durante a fase de recuperação de injúria renal. A seguir, discutiremos uma abordagem clínica para o diagnóstico da hipernatremia secundária à diurese osmótica induzida por ureia, destacando a importância do conceito de clearance de água livre de eletrólitos nesse contexto.

Estimation of daily sodium and potassium excretion from overnight urine of Japanese children and adolescents

BACKGROUND@#Estimates of daily sodium (Na) and potassium (K) excretion were explicitly biased when using equations for adults. We aimed to develop equations to estimate them using overnight urine from Japanese children and adolescents.@*METHODS@#The subjects comprised 70 students aged 10.49-15.76 years: validation group, n = 34; and verification group, n = 36. Each subject performed two operations of overnight spot urine (U@*RESULTS@#In validation, we formulated Na excretion (mg d@*CONCLUSION@#We obtained validated equations to estimate daily Na and K excretion with accessible variables such as Na, K, and Cr concentrations of overnight urine, body height and weight, and age for children and adolescents. When using the obtained equations, caution should be paid to small but definite biases and measurement errors.

Salt Preference is Linked to Hypertension and not to Aging / A Preferência ao Sal está Relacionada à Hipertensão e não ao Envelhecimento

Abstract Background: Seasoning is one of the recommended strategies to reduce salt in foods. However, only a few studies have studied salt preference changes using seasoning. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare preference for salty bread, and if seasoning can change preference in hypertensive and normotensive, young and older outpatients. Methods: Outpatients (n = 118) were classified in four groups: older hypertensive subjects (OH) (n = 32), young hypertensive (YH) (n = 25); older normotensive individuals (ON) (n = 28), and young normotensive (YN) (n = 33). First, volunteers random tasted bread samples with three different salt concentrations. After two weeks, they tasted the same types of breads, with seasoning added in all. Blood pressure (BP), 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion (UNaV, UKV) were measured twice. Analysis: Fisher exact test, McNamer's test and ANCOVA. Statistical significance: p < 0.05. Results: Systolic BP, UNaV, and UKV were greater in HO and HY and they had a higher preference for saltier samples than normotensive groups (HO: 71.9%, HY: 56% vs. NO: 25%, NY; 6%, p<0.01). With oregano, hypertensive individuals preferred smaller concentrations of salt, with reduced choice for saltier samples (HO: 71.9% to 21.9%, and HY: 56% to 16%, p = 0.02), NO preferred the lowest salt concentration sample (53.6% vs. 14.3%, p < 0.01), and NY further increased the preference for the lowest one (63.6% vs. 39.4%, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Older and younger hypertensive individuals prefer and consume more salt than normotensive ones, and the seasoned bread induced all groups to choose food with less salt. Salt preference is linked to hypertension and not to aging in outpatients.

Resumo Fundamento: Adicionar temperos aos alimentos é umas das estratégias recomendadas para diminuir a quantidade de sal nos alimentos. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram alterações na preferência ao sal através do uso de temperos. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a preferência pelo pão salgado, e até que ponto o uso de temperos pode alterar as preferências dos indivíduos hipertensos e normotensos, pacientes ambulatoriais jovens e idosos. Métodos: Os pacientes ambulatoriais (n = 118) foram classificados em quatro grupos: idosos com hipertensão (IH) (n = 32), jovens hipertensos (JH) (n = 25); indivíduos idosos normotensos (IN) (n = 28), e jovens normotensos (JN) (n = 33). Primeiro, os voluntários provaram amostras aleatórias de pão com três diferentes concentrações de sal. Após duas semanas, eles provaram os mesmos tipos de pão, porém acrescidos de temperos. A pressão arterial (PA), e a excreção urinária de sódio e potássio de 24 horas (UNaV, UKV) foram medidas duas vezes. Análise: Teste exato de Fisher, teste de McNemar e teste ANCOVA. Significância estatística: p < 0,05. Resultados: A PA sistólica e a excreção urinária de sódio e potássio foram maiores nos grupos IH e JH, e eles tiveram maior preferência por amostras mais salgadas quando comparados com os grupos de normotensos (IH: 71,9%, JH: 56% vs. IN: 25%, JN; 6%, p < 0,01). Quando o orégano foi adicionado, a preferência dos indivíduos hipertensos foi pelas amostras com menores concentrações de sal, com uma diminuição da escolha por amostras mais salgadas (IH: 71,9% a 21,9%, e JH: 56% a 16%, p = 0,02); o grupo IN preferiu a amostra com a concentração de sal mais baixa (53,6% vs. 14,3%, p < 0,01) e no grupo JN aumentou ainda mais o número de indivíduos com preferência pela amostra com concentrações mais baixas de sal (63,6% vs. 39,4%, p = 0,03). Conclusões: Os idosos e jovens hipertensos preferem e consomem mais sal do que os normotensos, e o pão adicionado de tempero ajudou todos os grupos a escolher alimentos menos salgados. A preferência ao sal está ligada à hipertensão e não à idade nos pacientes ambulatoriais.

Fatores associados à relação sódio/potássio urinária em participantes do ELSA-Brasil / Factores asociados a la excreción urinaria sodio/potasio en participantes del ELSA-Brasil / Factors associated with urinary sodium/potassium ratio in participants in the ELSA-Brazil study

Resumo: Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados à estimativa de alta relação de consumo de sódio/potássio. Foram avaliados 15.105 participantes, de 35 a 74 anos, de uma coorte de servidores públicos (ELSA-Brasil). Dados socioeconômicos foram coletados por meio de questionário e realizada coleta urinária de 12 horas noturnas para estimar o consumo de sódio e potássio. A relação sódio/potássio foi calculada em mmol/L e dividida em tercis: 1º tercil corresponde à "baixa" relação; 2º à "intermediária" e 3º tercil à "alta" relação sódio/potássio. Foram comparadas as proporções e médias segundo as classificações do tercil da relação sódio/potássio, utilizando-se os testes de qui-quadrado e análise de variância (ANOVA). Foram testados modelos brutos e ajustados de regressão logística multinomial, tendo como referência o 1º tercil. Os fatores associados à alta relação sódio/potássio foram: sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,60-1,98); indivíduos de 35 a 44 anos (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,33-2,19); Ensino Fundamental incompleto (OR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,78-3,18) e menor renda (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,26-1,73). Verificou-se que os homens, indivíduos mais jovens e de menor escolaridade e renda apresentaram médias mais elevadas da relação sódio/potássio.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la estimación respecto a la alta relación de consumo de sodio/potasio. Se evaluaron a 15.105 participantes, de 35 a 74 años, dentro de una cohorte de servidores públicos (ELSA-Brasil). Se recogieron datos socioeconómicos mediante un cuestionario y se realizó una toma nocturna de orina de 12 horas para estimar el consumo de sodio y potasio. La relación sodio/potasio se calculó en mmol/L y se dividió en terciles: 1er tercil corresponde a la "baja" relación; 2º tercil a la "intermedia" y 3er tercil a la "alta" relación sodio/potasio. Se compararon las proporciones y medias, según las clasificaciones del tercil de la relación sodio/potasio, utilizando los testes de chi-cuadrado y análisis de variancia (ANOVA). Se utilizaron modelos brutos y ajustados de regresión logística multinomial, teniendo como referencia el 1er tercil. Los factores asociados a la alta relación sodio/potasio fueron: sexo masculino (OR = 1,78; IC95%: 1,60-1,98); individuos de 35 a 44 años (OR = 1,71; IC95%: 1,33-2,19); enseñanza fundamental incompleta (OR = 2,38; IC95%: 1,78-3,18) y menor renta (OR = 1,47; IC95%: 1,26-1,73). Se verificó que los hombres, individuos más jóvenes y con menor escolaridad y renta presentaron medias más elevadas en la relación sodio/potasio.

Abstract: This study aimed to identify sociodemographic factors associated with high estimated sodium/potassium ratio. A total of 15,105 participants were assessed, from 35 to 74 years of age, from a cohort of public employees (ELSA-Brazil). Socioeconomic data were collected with a questionnaire, and 12-hour nighttime urine samples were collected to estimate sodium and potassium intake. Sodium/potassium ratio was calculated in mmol/L and divided into tertiles: 1st tertile, corresponding to "low"; 2nd tertile for "medium"; and 3rd tertile for "high" sodium/potassium ratio. The proportions and means were compared according to the classification of tertiles in the sodium/potassium ratio, using chi-square test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Crude and adjusted multinomial logistic regression models were tested, with the 1st tertile as the reference. Factors associated with sodium/potassium ratio were: male sex (OR = 1.78; 95%CI: 1.60-1.98); age 35 to 44 years (OR = 1.71; 95%CI: 1.33-2.19); incomplete elementary schooling (OR = 2.38; 95%CI: 1.78-3.18); and lower income (OR = 1.47; 95%CI: 1.26-1.73). Men, younger individuals, and those with less schooling and income showed higher mean sodium/potassium ratio.

Effect of phyllanthus niruri on metabolic parameters of patients with kidney stone: a perspective for disease prevention

ABSTRACT Phyllanthus niruri (P.niruri) or stone breaker is a plant commonly used to reduce stone risk, however, clinical studies on this issue are lacking. Objective: To prospectively evaluate the effect of P. niruri on the urinary metabolic parameters of patients with urinary lithiasis. Materials and Methods: We studied 56 patients with kidney stones <10mm. Clinical, metabolic, and ultrasonography assessment was conducted before (baseline) the use of P. niruri infusion for 12-weeks (P. niruri) and after a 12-week (wash out) Statistical analysis included ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's/McNemar's test for categorical variables. Significance was set at 5%. Results: Mean age was 44±9.2 and BMI was 27.2±4.4kg/m2. Thirty-six patients (64%) were women. There were no significant changes in all periods for anthropometric and several serum measurements, including total blood count, creatinine, uric acid, sodium, potassium, calcium, urine volume and pH; a significant increase in urinary potassium from 50.5±20.4 to 56.2±21.8 mg/24-hour (p=0.017); magnesium/creatinine ratio 58±22.5 to 69.1±28.6mg/gCr24-hour (p=0.013) and potassium/creatinine ratio 39.3±15.1 to 51.3±34.7mg/gCr24-hour (p=0.008) from baseline to wash out. The kidney stones decreased from 3.2±2 to 2.0±2per patient (p<0.001). In hyperoxaluria patients, urinary oxalate reduced from 59.0±11.7 to 28.8±16.0mg/24-hour (p=0.0002), and in hyperuricosuria there was a decrease in urinary uric acid from 0.77±0.22 to 0.54±0.07mg/24-hour (p=0.0057). Conclusions: P.niruri intake is safe and does not cause significant adverse effects on serum metabolic parameters. It increases urinary excretion of magnesium and potassium caused a significant decrease in urinary oxalate and uric acid in patients with hyperoxaluria and hyperuricosuria. The consumption of P.niruri contributed to the elimination of urinary calculi.

Validation of single measurement of 12-hour urine excretion for estimation of sodium and potassium intake. A longitudinal study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Evaluation of sodium and potassium intake can be carried out using different methods. Biological markers are able to capture intra and inter-individual variability and are used as separate measurements of consumption. The aim of this study was to test the validity of a single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium excretion as representative of habitual intake. DESIGN AND SETTING: Longitudinal study, federal university. METHODS: Food consumption data from a sample of adult university students and public servants (25 to 74 years old) were collected through 24-hour records and 12-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion at five different times over a one-year period. The dietary data were entered into a nutritional research data software system and the sodium and potassium intakes were estimated. The variables were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. One-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to evaluate means. Correlations between measurements using Pearson or Spearman coefficients were calculated. The degree of agreement between the five measurements was given by the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Satisfactory agreement was found between the five measurements of urinary sodium and potassium excretion over a year, with little variability in consumption. CONCLUSION: A single measurement of urinary sodium and potassium accurately estimated the usual average consumption of these electrolytes. This can be used in population-based studies.

Prediction of Cortical Defect Using C-Reactive Protein and Urine Sodium to Potassium Ratio in Infants with Febrile Urinary Tract Infection

PURPOSE: We investigated whether C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, urine protein-creatinine ratio (uProt/Cr), and urine electrolytes can be useful for discriminating acute pyelonephritis (APN) from other febrile illnesses or the presence of a cortical defect on 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scanning (true APN) from its absence in infants with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined 150 infants experiencing their first febrile UTI and 100 controls with other febrile illnesses consecutively admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to December 2012. Blood (CRP, electrolytes, Cr) and urine tests [uProt/Cr, electrolytes, and sodium-potassium ratio (uNa/K)] were performed upon admission. All infants with UTI underwent DMSA scans during admission. All data were compared between infants with UTI and controls and between infants with or without a cortical defect on DMSA scans. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, the ability of the parameters to predict true APN was analyzed. RESULTS: CRP levels and uProt/Cr were significantly higher in infants with true APN than in controls. uNa levels and uNa/K were significantly lower in infants with true APN than in controls. CRP levels and uNa/K were relevant factors for predicting true APN. The method using CRP levels, u-Prot/Cr, u-Na levels, and uNa/K had a sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 65%, positive predictive value of 60%, and negative predictive value of 95% for predicting true APN. CONCLUSION: We conclude that these parameters are useful for discriminating APN from other febrile illnesses or discriminating true APN in infants with febrile UTI.

Adult presentation of Bartter syndrome type IV with erythrocytosis / Apresentação tardia de síndrome de Bartter tipo IV com eritrocitose

Abstract Bartter syndrome comprises a group of rare autosomal-recessive salt-losing disorders with distinct phenotypes, but one unifying pathophysiology consisting of severe reductions of sodium reabsorption caused by mutations in five genes expressed in the thick ascending limb of Henle, coupled with increased urinary excretion of potassium and hydrogen, which leads to hypokalemic alkalosis. Bartter syndrome type IV, caused by loss-of-function mutations in barttin, a subunit of chloride channel CLC-Kb expressed in the kidney and inner ear, usually occurs in the antenatal-neonatal period. We report an unusual case of late onset presentation of Bartter syndrome IV and mild phenotype in a 20 years-old man who had hypokalemia, deafness, secondary hyperparathyroidism and erythrocytosis.

Resumo A síndrome de Bartter compreende um grupo raro de doenças autossômicas recessivas perdedoras de sal, decorrentes de mutações em genes expressos na porção ascendente espessa da alça de Henle, com fenótipos distintos, porém fisiopatogenia única, que consiste em redução severa da reabsorção de sódio, e aumento da excreção urinária de hidrogênio e potássio, levando à alcalose hipocalêmica. A síndrome de Bartter tipo IV, causada por mutações com perda de função da bartina, uma subunidade do canal de cloro CLC-Kb expressa no rim e ouvido interno, geralmente se apresenta nos períodos ante e neonatal. No presente relato, descreve-se um caso não usual de síndrome de Bartter tipo IV com apresentação tardia e fenótipo atenuado, diagnosticado por análise molecular, em um homem adulto de 20 anos que se apresentava com hipocalemia, surdez, hiperparatireoidismo secundário e eritrocitose.

Renal biomarkers of male and female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) undergoing renal ischemia and reperfusion

PURPOSE: To investigate biomarkers of acute renal injury in Wistar rats, subjected to left renal ischemia for 10 minutes, and then compare reperfusion at 24 hours, and at 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after the procedure. METHODS: Eight female and male rats between 60 and 81 days old were used in the Central Animal Facility of the UFMS. Assessed biomarkers included urine protein, urea, creatinine, glucose, sodium, potassium, urine alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities, and protein-to-creatinine ratio; and in serum: urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium, fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, urine flow and creatinine clearance. RESULTS: Greater variance was observed in the parameters at 24 hours and at five days (p<0.05) after reperfusion. On the 21st day, these parameters approximated those obtained for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Renal ischemia for 10 minutes was sufficient to raise urine levels of protein, glucose, fractional excretion of potassium, urea, creatinine clearance, urine activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in the first 24 hours, up to five days after reperfusion, which may indicate risk of acute kidney injury, according to the RIFLE classification. .

Evaluation of Random Urine Sodium and Potassium Compensated by Creatinine as Possible Alternative Markers for 24 Hours Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion

Sodium and potassium intake was assessed on the basis of its respective excretion levels in 24 hr urine samples. However, owing to the inconvenience of collection, we evaluated random spot urine for alternative sodium and potassium excretion markers. We included 250 patients who submitted 24 hr- and spot urine for clinical tests. However, 22 patients who showed 24 hr urine creatinine excretion levels <500 mg/day were excluded, because these samples possibly resulted from incomplete urine collection. Moreover, 24 patients were excluded because of their use of diuretics during the urine collection period. We observed significant correlations between 24 hr urine sodium excretion and both the sodium/creatinine (r=0.34, P<0.0001) and the sodium/specific gravity unit (SGU) ratios (r=0.19, P=0.007) in random urine samples. Similarly, 24 hr urine potassium excretion and both the spot urine potassium/creatinine (r=0.47, P<0.0001) and potassium/SGU ratios (r=0.28, P<0.0001) were significantly correlated. Although the estimated sodium/creatinine and potassium/creatinine ratios showed a significant correlation with 24 hr urine sodium and potassium excretion, respectively, further studies are required to develop a spot urine test for individualized monitoring of sodium and potassium excretion.

Dietary potassium intake and renal handling, and their impact on the cardiovascular health of normotensive Afro-Caribbeans / Ingesta dietética de potasio y manejo renal, y su impacto en la salud cardiovascular de los normotensos Afrocaribeños

OBJECTIVE: Recent nutritional profiles of dietary intake have indicated a shift from the ancient diet to the Western diet. The ancient diet provided high potassium and low sodium intake, which in turn led to sodium conservation and potassium excretion. This change in the dietary intake is expected to affect potassium and sodium handling in the kidneys. Numerous studies have been done to emphasize the importance of sodium handling by the kidneys and its impact on cardiovascular health . This study will investigate potassium intake and handling, and its impact on the cardiovascular health of a sample of normotensive Afro-Caribbeans by the possible modulation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). METHODS: A sample of 51 normotensive Afro-Caribbean participants was recruited for the study. Participants were observed over a two-day period in which they were given a 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor and a container to collect blood pressure data and a 24-hour urine sample. Anthropometric measurements were noted. Urinary electrolytes and supine plasma renin activity (PRA) were determined from the 24-hour urine collection and a blood sample. Dietary potassium intake was estimated based on dietary intake observations, and calculated based on the urinary potassium excretion. SPSS version 19 was used to analyse the data to make inferences. RESULTS: The daily potassium intake was observed to be 2.95 g/day and measured intake from the urinary potassium was between 4.95 and 7.32 g/day. Urinary potassium excretion was 3.66 (± 1.40) g/day. The urinary potassium excretion in the Afro-Caribbean sample in Barbados was higher than the other population samples. The averaged PRA of the participants (supine) was 0.778 (± 1.072) ng/mL/hour. The averaged nocturnal systolic blood pressure dip of the participants was 5.97 (± 4.324) %. There was no significant correlation between urinary potassium excretion, blood pressure, nocturnal systolic blood pressure dip and PRA. CONCLUSIONS: The Afro-Caribbean sample has an inadequate daily potassium intake based on the observed intake and recommended values, with a high urinary excretion of the electrolyte compared to other values in the literature. This high potassium excretion could have been partly due to low plasma renin activity levels in the study participants. As a possible consequence, an increase in the nocturnal peripheral resistance is a likely cause for the diminished systolic dip. The lack of correlations between dietary potassium excretion and the blood pressure parameters does not allow any firm inference of the electrolyte's handling and its impact on cardiovascular health in the normotensive Afro-Caribbean participants. However, further research is needed to get a more accurate daily potassium intake value, and a more statistically robust sample to assess whether potassium handling and blood pressure would be affected by a change in potassium intake.

OBJETIVO: Los perfiles nutricionales recientes de ingesta dietética han indicado un cambio de la dieta antigua a la dieta occidental. La dieta antigua ofrecía un consumo alto de potasio frente a un consumo bajo de sodio, lo que a su vez llevaba a la conservación del sodio y a la excreción del potasio. Se espera que este cambio en la ingesta dietética afecte el manejo del potasio y el sodio en los riñones. Se han realizado numerosos estudios con el fin de enfatizar la importancia del manejo del sodio por los riñones y su impacto en la salud cardiovascular. Este estudio investigará la ingesta y manejo del potasio, y su impacto en la salud cardiovascular de una muestra de normotensos afrocaribeños mediante la posible modulación del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA). MÉTODOS: Una muestra de 51 participantes normotensos afrocaribeños fue reclutada para el estudio. Los participantes fueron puestos bajo observación por un período de dos días, en los que recibieron un monitor ambulatorio para registrar la presión arterial por 24 horas, y un recipiente para recoger los datos de la presión arterial, y una muestra de orina de 24 horas. Se observaron las mediciones antropométricas. Los electrolitos urinarios y la actividad de renina plasmática (ARP) en posición supina, se determinaron a partir de la orina de 24 horas y una muestra de sangre. La ingesta dietética de potasio fue estimada en base a las observaciones hechas de la ingesta dietética, y se calculó a partir de la excreción del potasio urinario. La versión 19 del SPSS fue utilizada para analizar los datos y hacer inferencias. RESULTADOS: Se observó una ingestión diaria de potasio de 2.95 g/día, y la ingestión medida a partir del potasio urinario estuvo entre 4.95 y 7,32 g/día. La excreción del potasio urinario fue 3.66 (± 1.40) g/día. La excreción del potasio urinario en la muestra afrocaribeña en Barbados fue mayor que en las otras poblaciones. La actividad ARP promedio (supina) de los participantes fue 0.778 (± 1.072) ng/mL/hora. La caída nocturna promedio de la presión arterial sistólica de los participantes fue (± 4.324) 5.97%. No hubo ninguna correlación significativa entre la excreción del potasio urinario, la presión arterial, la caída nocturna de la presión arterial sistólica, y la actividad ARP. CONCLUSIONES: Partiendo de la base del consumo observado y los valores recomendados, la muestra afrocaribeña presenta una ingesta diaria inadecuada de potasio, con una alta excreción urinaria de electrólito, en comparación con otros valores en la literatura. Esta elevada excreción de potasio podría haberse debido en parte a niveles bajos de actividad de renina plasmática en los participantes del estudio. Una posible consecuencia es el aumento de la resistencia periférica nocturna como causa probable del descenso sistólico. La falta de correlación entre los parámetros de la presión arterial y la excreción de potasio dietético no permite ninguna inferencia sólida del manejo del electrólito y su impacto sobre la salud cardiovascular en los normotensos afrocaribeños participantes. Sin embargo, es necesario investigar más a fin de obtener un valor más exacto de la ingesta diaria de potasio y una muestra estadísticamente más sólida para evaluar si el manejo del potasio y la presión arterial podrían ser afectados por un cambio en la ingesta de potasio.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy: changes on renal function of healthy dogs

PURPOSE: To evaluate the renal function in healthy dogs submitted to nonselective and preferential COX-2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy. METHODS: Twenty four healthy dogs were distributed into four groups (G) (n=6): ketoprofenG - treated with ketoprofen; nimesulideG - treated with nimesulid; meloxicanG - treated with meloxican; and etodolacG - treated with etodolaco. All the dogs received the NSAIDs for 10 days by oral route. Physical examination and renal function (urinalysis, urinary sodium and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), serum urea, creatinine, potassium and sodium, and endogenous creatinine clearance) were evaluated before, after five and ten days (T0, T5 and T10) of the treatment in all groups. RESULTS: Changes were observed in urinalysis, with a significant increase in renal cells in the urine at T5 and T10 in nimesulideG. Significant reduction in urinary sodium in nimesulideG at T5 was observed. The clearance values were lower in ketoprofenG at T10. CONCLUSIONS: Meloxicam and etodolac were the drugs that have proven to be safer for short-term therapy in healthy dogs in relation to renal function. NSAIDs ketoprofen and nimesulide should be used judiciously in dogs with renal dysfunction, since there are promoted changes in renal function.

Diferenca de ions fortes na urina como determinante importante das alteracoes na concentracao plasmatica de cloreto em pacientes no pos-operatorio / Urinary strong ion difference is a major determinant of plasma chloride concentration changes in postoperative patients

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que alterações na concentração plasmática de cloreto ([Cl-]plasma) durante o período pós-operatório são amplamente dependentes da diferença de íons fortes urinária ([SID]urina=[Na+] urina+[K+] urina -[Cl-]urina) e não de diferenças na terapia hídrica. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas mensurações na admissão à unidade de terapia intensiva e 24 horas mais tarde em um total de 148 pacientes pós-operatórios. Os pacientes foram designados para um de três grupos segundo a alteração na concentração plasmática de cloreto após 24 horas: [Cl-]plasma aumentada (n=39), [Cl-]plasma diminuída (n=56) ou [Cl-]plasma inalterada (n=53). RESULTADOS: Quando da admissão, o grupo com [Cl-]plasma aumentada tinha [Cl-]plasma mais baixa (105±5 versus 109±4 e 106±3mmol/L; p<0,05), um ânion gap plasmático ([AG]plasma) mais alto e um íon gap forte mais alto. Após 24 horas, o grupo com [Cl-]plasma aumentada mostrou [Cl-]plasma mais alta (111±4 versus 104±4 e 107±3mmol/L; p<0,05) e nível plasmático mais baixo de [AG]plasma e íon gap forte. O volume e íon gap forte dos fluidos administrados foram similares entre os grupos, exceto que os [SID]urina eram mais altos (38±37 versus 18±22 e 23±18mmol/L; p<0,05) no grupo com [Cl-]plasma aumentada na avaliação após 24 horas. Uma análise de regressão linear múltipla demonstrou que a [Cl-]plasma na admissão e [SID]urina eram preditores independentes de variação na [Cl-]plasma 24 horas mais tarde. CONCLUSÕES: Alterações na [Cl-]plasma durante o primeiro dia pós-operatório foram amplamente relacionadas com [SID]urina e [Cl-]plasma na admissão, e não às características ...

OBJECTIVE: To show that alterations in the plasma chloride concentration ([Cl-]plasma) during the postoperative period are largely dependent on the urinary strong ion difference ([SID]urine=[Na+]urine+[K+]urine-[Cl-]urine) and not on differences in fluid therapy. METHODS: Measurements were performed at intensive care unit admission and 24 hours later in a total of 148 postoperative patients. Patients were assigned into one of three groups according to the change in [Cl-]plasma at the 24 hours time point: increased [Cl-]plasma (n=39), decreased [Cl-]plasma (n=56) or unchanged [Cl-]plasma (n=53). RESULTS: On admission, the increased [Cl-]plasma group had a lower [Cl-]plasma (105±5 versus 109±4 and 106±3mmol/L, p<0.05), a higher plasma anion gap concentration ([AG]plasma) and a higher strong ion gap concentration ([SIG]). After 24 hours, the increased [Cl-]plasma group showed a higher [Cl-]plasma (111±4 versus 104±4 and 107±3mmol/L, p<0.05) and lower [AG]plasma and [SIG]. The volume and [SID] of administered fluids were similar between groups except that the [SID]urine was higher (38±37 versus 18±22 and 23±18mmol/L, p<0.05) in the increased [Cl-]plasma group at the 24 hours time point. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that the [Cl-]plasma on admission and [SID]urine were independent predictors of the variation in [Cl-]plasma 24 hours later. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in [Cl-]plasma during the first postoperative day were largely related to [SID]urine and [Cl-]plasma on admission and not to the characteristics of the infused fluids. Therefore, decreasing [SID]urine could be a major mechanism for preventing the development of salineinduced hyperchloremia. .

Efecto diurético agudo de los extractos etanólico y acuoso de Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook) en ratas normales / Acute diuretic effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook) in normal rats

Introducción. Ceratopteris pteridoides es un helecho semiacuático de la familia Parkeriacea, ampliamente utilizado en la medicina popular colombiana como diurético y colelitiásico, sobre el cual no existen reportes científicos que avalen su uso popular como diurético. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto diurético agudo en dosis única y dosis repetidas a corto plazo, de los extractos etanólico y acuoso de C. pteridoides en un modelo in vivo . Materiales y métodos. El extracto etanólico total fue obtenido por maceración de la planta entera de C. pteridoides con etanol y el extracto acuoso fue obtenido por decocción a 60 °C por 15 minutos. Ambos extractos se sometieron a análisis fitoquímico preliminar y estudio histológico posterior a la administración de los extractos durante ocho días consecutivos (1.000 mg/kg). El efecto diurético se evaluó en ratas Wistar, tratadas con los extractos (500 mg/kg), en forma aguda y en dosis repetidas a corto plazo, cuantificando la eliminación de agua y la excreción renal de sodio y potasio por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y, de cloruros, por titulación mercurimétrica. Resultados. En el modelo agudo, ambos extractos mostraron un significativo efecto diurético y de excreción renal de sodio y potasio en comparación con el control, mientras que con la administración en dosis repetidas a corto plazo mostraron efecto diurético sin eliminación de electrolitos. El estudio histopatológico no sugirió efectos tóxicos hepáticos o renales. Conclusión. Los resultados demuestran la actividad diurética de C. pteridoides y sustentan el uso popular dado a esta planta como diurético en la costa norte colombiana. Se requieren estudios posteriores que permitan aislar e identificar los compuestos responsables de la actividad y los mecanismos de acción involucrados.

Introduction. Ceratopteris pteridoides is a semiaquatic fern of the Parkeriacea family, widely used in the Colombian folk medicine as a diuretic and cholelithiasic, of which there are no scientific reports that validate its popular use. Objective. To evaluate the acute and short-term repeated-dose diuretic effect of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of C. pteridoides in an in vivo model. Materials and methods. The total ethanolic extract was obtained by maceration of the whole plant of C. pteridoides with ethanol and the aqueous extract by decoction at 60°C for 15 minutes. Both extracts were evaluated in preliminary phytochemical analysis and histological studies after the administration of the extracts for 8 consecutive days (1000 mg/Kg). The diuretic effect was evaluated using Wistar rats treated with the extracts (500 mg/Kg), using an acute and a short-term repeated-dose model, and quantifying water elimination, sodium and potassium excretion by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and chloride excretion by mercurimetric titration. Results. In the acute model both extracts showed significant diuretic, natriuretic, and kaliuretic effect compared to the control group. Whereas, a short-term repeated-dose administration showed a diuretic effect without elimination of electrolytes. The histopathologic study did not suggest a toxic effect in liver or kidney. Conclusion. The results represent evidence of the diuretic activity of C. pteridoides and give support the popular use given to this plant in the north coast of Colombia. Further studies are required to isolate and identify the compounds responsible for the activity and the mechanism of action involved.

Correlation between sodium and potassium excretion in 24- and 12-h urine samples

Low-sodium and high-potassium diets have been recommended as an adjunct to prevention and treatment of hypertension. Analysis of these nutrients in 24-h urine has been considered the reference method to estimate daily intake of these minerals. However, 24-h urine collection is difficult in epidemiological studies, since urine must be collected and stored in job environments. Therefore, strategies for shorter durations of urine collection at home have been proposed. We have previously reported that collecting urine during a 12-h period (overnight) is more feasible and that creatinine clearance correlated strongly with that detected in 24-h samples. In the present study, we collected urine for 24 h divided into two 12-h periods (from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm and from 7:00 pm to 7:00 am next day). A sample of 109 apparently healthy volunteers aged 30 to 74 years of both genders working in a University institution was investigated. Subjects with previous myocardial infarction, stroke, renal insufficiency, and pregnant women were not included. Significant (P < 0.001) Spearman correlation coefficients (r s) were found between the total amount of sodium and potassium excreted in the urine collected at night and in the 24-h period (r s = 0.76 and 0.74, respectively). Additionally, the 12-h sodium and potassium excretions (means ± SD, 95% confidence interval) corresponded to 47.3 ± 11.2%, 95%CI = 45.3-49.3, and 39.3 ± 4.6%, 95%CI = 37.3-41.3, respectively, of the 24-h excretion of these ions. Therefore, these findings support the assumption that 12-h urine collected at night can be used as a reliable tool to estimate 24-h intake/excretion of sodium and potassium.

Effects of a Face-to-face Self-management Program on Knowledge, Self-care Practice and Kidney Function in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease before the Renal Replacement Therapy

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a face-to-face self-management educational program on knowledge, self-care practice and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) before kidney replacement therapy. METHODS: This study employed a nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized design. Data were collected from 61 patients with CKD visiting an outpatient department of nephrology in a university hospital in Seoul, South Korea. The experimental group (n=31) took the pre-test, then after 3 weeks, face-to-face education and individualized consultation (1st intervention), after a week of self-practice, the 1st post-test, followed by re-enforcement education and consultation (2nd intervention), and 4 weeks later, the 2nd post-test. The control group (n=30) took the pre-test and post-tests at 4 and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Scores for knowledge of CKD and self-care practice over time improved significantly in the experimental group compared to the control group. Kidney function did not improve significantly in the experimental group. CONCLUSION: Health care providers can identify various and individualized needs, and provide effective education and consultation through face to face self-management for patients with chronic irreversible illnesses. Nurses can coordinate for these program by designing and providing systematic and effective education.

Diagnostic usefulness of the random urine Na/K ratio in cirrhotic patients with ascites: a pilot study / 대한간학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion (24-h UNa) of greater than 78 mmol/day is important in the management of cirrhotic ascites. Although the random urine sodium-to-potassium ratio (UNa/K) is strongly correlated with 24-h UNa, and approximately 95% of patients with a random UNa/K greater than 1 have 24-h UNa greater than 78 mmol, few data have been published on the correlation between 24-h UNa and random UNa/K. We evaluated diagnostic value of morning and afternoon random UNa/K (AM UNa/K and PM UNa/K, respectively) with 24-h UNa. METHODS: A total of 42 male patients were enrolled from October 2007 to March 2008. Each patient collected 5 mL of urine twice at random times during 24-h urine collection (at 10-12 a.m. and 3-5 p.m.). ROC curve analysis was performed to evaluate the feasibility of AM and PM UNa/K for differentiating 24-h UNa greater than 78 mmol/day. RESULTS: Forty patients with a 24-h urinary creatinine of greater than 15 mg/kg were analyzed. The 24-h UNa, AM UNa/K, and PM UNa/K were 107.9+/-91.2 mmol (mean+/-SD), 3.44+/-3.64, and 3.97+/-4.60, respectively. When compared with 24-h UNa greater than 78 mmol, AUROC values for AM and PM UNa/K were 0.861 (95% CI, 0.715-0.950) and 0.929 (95% CI, 0.802-0.986), respectively (P=0.0001). No difference was found between the AUROC for AM and PM UNa/K (95% CI, -0.161-0.153, P=0.113). UNa/K greater than 1.25 was sensitive and specific for prediction of 24-h UNa greater than 78 mmol. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that anytime random UNa/K greater than 1.25 is an accurate, cost-effective, and convenient method for replacing 24-h UNa. Large multicentered cohort studies are needed to confirm our results.

[ effects of one session aerobic activity and sauna on serum and urinary sodium and potassium concentration in athletes]

Water and electrolyte balance are critical for the maintenance of general health. Exercise creates much variation in renal homodynamic and electrolytes excretion. Sauna is also an extreme hot environment placing an individual in heat stress. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of one session aerobic activity and sauna on serum and urinary sodium and potassium concentration in athletes. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 15 football players of Shahid Beheshti University M.C [Age: 24.5 +/- 2.5 yr; Weight: 72 +/- 8 kg]. Blood samples were taken before and after aerobic activity and sauna, and 24 hours urine was also collected before and after exertion of independent variables. The data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for statistical description and dependent t-test for inferential analysis. The results showed that one session physical activity significantly increased serum sodium and potassium [p